翻译|新西兰蜜蜂外来病虫害监测报告（1）（14.7月-15.6月）

        新西兰是世界上少数几个靠农业立国的发达国家，它们的农业是外向型农业典范：没有政府的直接补贴，但竞争力非常强。新西兰的农业有很多地方值得我们学习和借鉴。这里先发一篇15年的报告，可以看看他们是如何对蜂业的病虫害进行监测的。
-------------

蜜蜂外来病虫害监测报告

   本报告总结了2014年7月1号至15年6月30号的监测情况。

        蜜蜂外来病虫害监测由艾希亚公司（AsureQuality Ltd）代表MPI（初级产业部）进行的，它包含了多方面的项目：

•蜂群检查和取样；

•蜂场数据库中养蜂者、蜂场，蜂群和蜜蜂疾病的信息记录；

•养蜂者的扩展和培训；

•外来蜜蜂疾病的筛查和调查；

•调查活动和结果的汇报；

        对以下外来蜜蜂病虫害进行监测：

•欧洲幼虫腐臭病（病原为蜂房球菌Melissococcus plutonius）

•蜂房小甲虫病（蜂巢小甲虫Aethinatumida）

•寄生蝇（蜂虱Braulacoeca）

•气管螨（武氏蜂盾螨Acarapiswoodi)）

•亚洲地区蜂螨（亮热厉螨Tropilaelapsclareae和柯氏热厉螨T. koenigerum）；

•非洲蜜蜂(东非蜜蜂Apismelliferascutellata);

• 海角蜜蜂 (Apismellifera capensis); 及

•其他外来蜜蜂属 (例如东方蜜蜂的亚种，中华蜜蜂Apiscerana);  及

•蜜蜂病毒如以色列急性麻痹病毒 (IAPV)。

一、蜂群检查和取样

        本方案由三部分组成：

•高风险区域的检查和抽样；

•从提供出口蜜蜂的蜂场抽取成年蜜蜂做样品；及

•可疑外来病虫害的调查报告。

二、高风险区域

   在整个新西兰，有19个地理区域被列为高风险区域，因为外来蜜蜂病虫害最有可能从它们这里进入。其中12个在北岛，7个在南岛。它们包括港口、机场、过渡性设施、城市、旅游景点，及蜂群高度集中区（如猕猴桃种植区）。其中4个高风险区（奥克兰、惠灵顿、基督城和达尼丁），已经收到分析报告，确定在其之内的有些区域，提高了风险级别，成为“加高风险区”。这4个区域里，至少50%的目标蜂场在“加高风险区”。

   我们的目标是从这些高风险区域抽取350家蜂场进行检查和抽样。在每个蜂场，所有的蜂群都要:

•通过对任何可疑的蜜蜂、幼虫和蛹，可疑的蜂巢小甲虫和蜂虱的生活阶段，做检测和实验室诊断，检查是否有外来病虫害的迹象。

•从每群蜂至少抽80只蜜蜂，用气管切片法，来检测内部蜂螨。及

•通过一个24小时的杀螨处理和粘板来检测外部蜂螨。

       与350家蜂场的目标相比，总共有339家蜂场做为高风险点的一部分被检查。这些蜂场都被技能等级2级的授权人员检查。目标没被完成的，是因为选定的许多蜂场不再有蜜蜂在那里。瓦螨看上去是造成蜂群大量死亡的主要原因；应该被注意的是，这些蜂群大多数属于相对比较新手的业余养蜂者，而他们缺乏经验和控制瓦螨的知识。养蜂者也报告说：治疗不再有效果，有一些证据表明瓦螨对用的杀螨药产生了抗药性。（待续）

------------

Honey bee exotic pest and disease surveillance report

This report summarises surveillance activities for the year 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2015.

Honey bee exotic disease surveillance is conducted by AsureQuality Ltd on behalf of the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI). It is a multifaceted programme consisting of:

• hive inspection and sampling;

• maintaining records of beekeepers, apiaries, hives and bee diseases in an apiary database;

• carrying out beekeeper extension and education;

• screening and investigating exotic bee disease enquiries; and

• reporting on activities and findings.

Surveillance is conducted for the following exotic honey bee diseases and pests:

• European foulbrood (Melissococcus plutonius);

• small hive beetle (Aethina tumida);

• the parasitic fly (Braula coeca);

• tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi);

• Asian mites (Tropilaelaps clareae and T. koenigerum);

• African and Africanised honey bee (Apis mellifera scutellata);

• Cape honey bee (Apis mellifera capensis); and

• other exotic Apis species (e.g., the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana); and

• bee viruses such as Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV).

Hive inspection and sampling

The hive inspection and sampling programme has three components:

• high-risk-area inspection and sampling;

• sampling of adult bees from apiaries supplying bees for export; and

• investigation of suspect exotic honey bee diseases.

High-risk areas

Throughout New Zealand, 19 geographic areas – 12 in the North Island and

seven in the South Island – have beenclassified as high risk because they have the greatest potential for entry of exotic honey bee diseases and pests. They include ports, airports, Transitional Facilities, cities and tourist destinations, and areas of high hive concentration (e.g., kiwifruit-growing areas). Four

of these high-risk areas (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin) have received further analysis and had “elevated risk zones” identified within the high-risk area. In these four areas, at least 50 percent of targeted apiaries are located in these elevated risk zones.

The target is to inspect and sample a total of 350 apiaries from the high-risk areas. All hives in each apiary are:

• inspected for signs of exotic bee diseases and pests, with any

suspicious bees or larvae and pupae and suspect life stages of small hive beetle and Braula being taken for testing and lab diagnosis;

• sampled by taking at least 80 bees from each hive and testing some for internal mites using the tracheal sectioning method; and

• tested for external mites by applying a 24-hour miticide treatment and a sticky board.

In total, 339 apiaries were inspected as part of high risk site surveillance, against a target of 350 apiaries. These apiaries were all inspected by Authorised Persons

– Level 2. The target was not reached because many of the apiaries selectedno longer had live bees in them. Varroa appeared to be the main reason for the large number of dead hives; it should be noted that a lot of these hives belonged to relatively new hobbyist beekeepers who lacked both experience with and knowledge of varroa control. Beekeepers are also reporting that the treatments are not effective and there is some anecdotal evidence that the varroa mite is developing resistance to the miticides used.